Minister to the Ottoman Empire, the second Jew in U. October 2, Jewish comedian Groucho Marx is born. The brothers were also pioneers of modern cinema and television. February 10, Boris Pasternak , the man who would win the Nobel Prize in literature for his novel Dr.
Zhivago , is born. Those who refuse to convert or become prostitutes are sent to the Pale of Settlement. February 23, Emile Zola is convicted of libel for defending Dreyfus. Dreyfus, Emile Zola publishes J'Accuse. August 26, Herzl proposes Kenya as a safe haven for Jews. The musical Fiddler on the Roof is based on his story Tevye's Daughters.
Michelson is first American Jew to win Nobel Prize. After two years followed by a "show trial," Beilis is acquitted.
January 28, Louis D. Brandeis is nominated to the Supreme Court by Woodrow Wilson. At the time of his nomination, the Senate had never before held a public hearing on a President's Supreme Court Nominee; they had all been confirmed on the day of their nomination. However, it took four months of Senate Judiciary Committee hearings until the Senate brought the nomination of Brandeis to a vote.
Over pogroms took place, claiming the lives of up to , Jews in the next three years. Army, roughy 5. Lawrence and Arabs. Out of an estimated 1. Jewish educational summer camping is launched in the United States with what came to be known as the Cejwin Camps.
Versailles Peace Conference decides that the conquered Arab provinces will not be restored to Ottoman rule. First Palestinian National Congress meeting in Jerusalem sends two memoranda to Versailles rejecting Balfour Declaration and demanding independence.
Romania grants citizenship to Jews. Third Aliyah , mainly from Russia. Histadrut Jewish labor federation and Haganah Jewish defense organization founded. Vaad Leumi National Council set up by Jewish community yishuv to conduct its affairs. Keren Hayesod created for education, absorbtion and the development of rural settlements in Eretz-Israel.
Chaim Weizmann elected president of the World Zionist Organization. Adolf Hitler is honorably discharged from the German Army. Further restrictions imposed in Fourth Palestinian National Congress, convenes in Jerusalem , decides to send delegation to London to explain case against Balfour. Arab riots in Jaffa and other cities. Adolf Hitler becomes the Nazi Party's first chairman with dictatorial powers.
First moshav , Nahalal, founded in the Jezreel Valley. Transjordan set up on three-fourths of the British mandate area, forbidding Jewish immigration, leaving one-fourth for the Jewish national home.
Mordecai M. Kaplan founds the Society for the Advancement of Judaism, the cradle of the Reconstructionist movement. Supreme Muslim Council created under the jurisdiction of the British government to centralize religious affairs and institutions, but is corrupted by the overzealous Husseini family who used it as an anti-Jewish platform.
Lenin creates the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Benito Mussolini establishes a Fascist government in Italy. Harvard's president proposes a quota on the number of Jews admitted.
After a contentious debate, he withdrew the recommendation. League of Nations Council approves Mandate for Palestine.
The latter will form the nucleus of the Schutzstaffel SS. Walther Rathenau, Jewish foreign minister of Germany , is assassinated by members of Organisation Consul, a clandestine, right-wing political organization led by Captain Hermann Ehrhardt.
It is initially a bodyguard for Hitler but will later become an elite armed guard of the Third Reich. Palestine constitution suspended by British because of Arab refusal to cooperate. Technion , first institute of technology, founded in Haifa. Fourth Aliyah , mainly from Poland. Benjamin Frankel starts Hillel Foundation.
The first Hillel House opens at the University of Illinois, offers religious and social services. Caliphate officially abolished. The first conference of the General Zionist movement is held in Jerusalem. While in prison, Hitler begins work on Mein Kampf. Revisionist Movement founded by Zeev Jabotinsky. Hebrew University of Jerusalem opened on Mt. Warner Brothers releases The Jazz Singer , about a cantor's son who follows his dreams to Broadway against his father's wishes.
This was the first "talking" movie ever made, and it is also famous for it's accurate portrayal of Jewish home life. Seventh Palestinian National Congress convened in Jerusalem ; established a new forty-eight member executive committee. Jewish actor, producer, and director Larry Semon supposedly dies, but many believe he faked his own death to avoid creditors. Arabs view British refusal to condemn the attacks as support. Hebron Jews massacred by Arab militants. Anne Frank , Holocaust victim whose diary, written during the Nazi Occupation became famous.
Lord Passfield issues his White Paper banning further land acquisition by Jews and slowing Jewish immigration.
Salo Wittmayer Baron joins the faculty of Columbia University, his is the first chair in Jewish history at a secular university in the United States. Etzel the Irgun , Jewish underground organization, founded. Second British census of Palestine shows total population of 1,, First Maccabia athletic games take place with representatives from 14 countries. Prospecting begins. Albert Einstein , upon visiting the United States, learns that Hitler had been elected and decided not to return to Germany, takes up position at Princeton.
Riots in Jaffa and Jerusalem to protest British "pro-Zionist" policies. In Afghanistan , two thousand Jews are expelled from towns and forced to live in the wilderness. In , with five games left to the season, Greenberg's 58 home runs are two shy of Babe Ruth's record. When several pitchers walk him rather than giving him a shot at the record, many believe major league baseball did not want a Jew to claim that place in America's national sport.
Jewish rights in Germany rescinded by Nuremberg laws. Anti-Jewish riots instigated by Arab militants. Leon Blum becomes the first Jew elected premier of France, enacts many social reforms. Peel Commission investigated Arab riots, concluded Arab claims were "baseless".
The Przytyk Pogrom , in which 3 Jews were killed and 60 wounded. Central conference of American Rabbis reaffirm basic reform philosophies in the Colombus Platform. Kristallnacht — German Jewish synagogues burned down. Charles E. Coughlin, a Roman Catholic priest, launches media campaign in America against Jews. Chamberlain declares "peace in our time" after allowing Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in the Munich Agreement. Catholic churches ring bells and fly Nazi flags to welcom Hitler's troops in Austria.
Hershel Grynszpan, 17, a German refugee, assassinates Ernst von Rath, the third secretary to the German embassy in Paris. Jewish immigration severely limited by British White Paper. British government authorizes the Jewish Agency to recruit 10, Jews to form Jewish units in the British army. British refuse illegal immigrant ship, the Patria , permission to dock in Palestine. The first train of prisoners arrives at Auschwitz-Birkenau. A 2-day strike begins in Amsterdam , in opposition to the anti-Jewish actions being taken by the Nazi occupiers.
Palmach , strike force of Haganah , set up. Jewish commando David Raziel is killed by a German bomber while on a mission for the British in Iraq. Rabbi Stephen S. Wise publicizes Riegner report confirming mass murder of European Jews. Biltmore Conference of American Zionists. Nazi leaders refine the " Final Solutio n" -- genocide of the Jewish people -- at Wannsee Conference.
British deport illegal immigrants to Cyprus. Raphael Lemkin, an international lawyer who escaped from Poland to the U. The Rabbis also demanded the creation of a special federal agency tasked with the rescue of European Jewry. Jewish Brigade formed as part of British forces. For most victims of Nazism, it comes too late. Russians arrive in the Lwow Ghetto, ridding the city of it's German occupiers, only to find the Jewish population liquidated.
International tribunal for war crimes is established at Nuremberg. President Truman asks Britain to allow , Jews into Palestine.
Arab League Council decides to boycott goods produced by Zionist firms in Palestine. Member of Jewish underground destroyed a power station and a portion of the Central Jerusalem prison by explosives. Two persons were killed by the police.. Ten persons were injured and one was killed. Captured papers indicated that the purpose of this raid was to take revenge on the British for their seizure of the refugee ship on January British military authorities in Jerusalem questioned 3, Jews and held in custody..
Jewish underground attacked a British military installation near Tel Aviv. This group which contained a number of young girls, had as its goal the capture of British weapons. British authorities rounded up 1, suspects.. The Irgun radio "Fighting Zion" wams that three kidnapped British officers are held as hostages for two Irgun members, Josef Simkohn and Issac Ashbel facing execution as well as 31 Irgun members facing trial..
Thirty Irgun members are sentenced by a British military court to 15 years in prison. One, Benjamin Kaplan, was sentenced to life for carrying a firearm..
British military units and police raided Jewish settlements throughout Palestine searching for the leaders of Haganah. The Jewish Agency for Palestine was occupied and four top official arrested. British officials announced the discovery of a large arms dump hidden underground at Meshek Yagur. Four were killed and 80 were injured.. Palestine High Commissioner, Lt. Tel Aviv. British officers, Captains K Spencer, C.
Warburton and A. Taylor who had been kidnapped by Irgun on June 18 and held as hostages for the lives of Simkohn and Ashbel, were released in Tel Aviv unharmed. At this time, Irgun issued a declaration of war against the British claiming that they had no alternative but to fight.
The west wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem which housed British Military Headquarters and other governmental offices was destroyed at PM by explosives planted in the cellar by members of the Irgun terrorist gang. By the 26 of July, the casualties were 76 persons killed, 46 injured and 29 still missing in the rubble.
The dead included many British, Arabs and Jews. The British government released a White Paper that accuses the Haganah , Irgun and Stern gangs of "a planned movement of sabotage and violence" under the direction of the Jewish Agency and asserts that the June 29 arrest of Zionist leaders was the cause of the bombing. The British Palestine Commander, Lt. General Sir Evelyn Barker, banned fraternization by British troops with Palestine Jews whom he stated "cannot be absolved of responsibility for terroristic acts.
Tel Aviv is placed under a 22hour-a-day curfew as 20, British troops began a house-to-house sweep for members of the Jewish underground. The city is sealed off and troops are ordered to shoot to kill any curfew violators. Also, two ships have arrived at Haifa with a total of 3, illegal Jewish immigrants. British military authorities ended the curfew in Tel Aviv after detaining persons for further questioning.. The British Government announced that it will allow no more unscheduled immigration into Palestine and that those seeking entry into that country will be sent to Cyprus and other areas under detention.
Declaring that such immigration threatens a civil war with the Arab population, it charges a "minority of Zionist extremists" with attempting to force an unacceptable solution of the Palestine problem.. Two ships carrying a total of 1, Jewish refugees arrived at Haifa. The port area was isolated on August 11 by British military and naval units. The first deportation ship sailed for Cyprus with Jews on board.
Three Jews were killed and seven wounded when British troops were compelled to fire on a crowd of about 1, persons trying to break into the port area of Haifa.
Two Royal Navy ships with 1, illegal Jewish immigrants on board sailed for Cyprus. Another ship with illegal immigrants was captured and confined in the Haifa harbor. British military units searched the coastal villages of Casera and Sadoth Yarn for three Jews who bombed the transport "Empire Rival" last week.
Eighty-five persons, including the entire male population of one of the villages were sent to the Rafa detention center.. British military units discovered arms and munitions dumps in the Jewish farming villages of Dorot and Ruhama.
British troops imposed a curfew and arrested Jews and wounded two in a search for saboteurs in Tel Aviv and neighboring Ramat Gan. Irgun took the action against the railways on September 8, as a protest..
Jewish underground members robbed three banks in Jaffa and Tel Aviv, killing three Arabs. Thirty-six Jews were arrested.. Jewish underground attacks a police station on the coast near Tel Aviv but were driven off by gunfire.
British military units and police seized 50 Jews in a Tel Aviv cafe after a Jewish home was blown up. This home belonged to a Jewish woman who had refused to pay extortion money to the Irgun. Two British soldiers were killed when their truck detonated a kind mine outside Jerusalem. A leading Arab figure was wounded in a similar mine explosion in Jerusalem and more mad mines were found near Government House..
Nazi Party leader Herman Goering committs suicide by ingesting a cyanide capsule the night before he is due to be hung following the Nuremberg Trials.
Executions of those convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials. The British Embassy in Rome was damaged by a bomb, believed to have been phased by Jewish underground members. Irgun took responsibility for the bombing on November Two Jews and two Arabs were killed in clashes between Arabs and a group of Jews attempting to establish a settlement at Lake Hula in northern Palestine. British authorities released the following eight Jewish Agency leaders from the Latrun concentration camp where they had been held since June Moshe Shertok, Dr.
Issac Greenbaum, Dr. A total of 2, Haganah suspects have also been released as well as Jews arrested in the wake of the King David bombing. Railroad traffic was suspended hr 24 hours throughout Palestine following a fourth Irgun attack on railway facilities in two days. Nineteen persons, eleven British soldiers and policemen and eight Arab constables, were killed in Palestine during this period as Jewish underground members, using land mines and suitcase bombs, increased their attacks on railroad stations, trains and even streetcars.
The Board of Deputies of British Jews condemned Jewish underground groups who threatened to export their attacks to England. Police in Tel Aviv attacked Jews, assaulting many and firing into houses. Twenty Jews were injured in fights with British troops following the death on November 17 of three policemen and an RAF sergeant in a land mine explosion.. Five persons were injured when a bomb exploded in the Jerusalem tax office. Ten persons, including six British soldiers, were killed in bomb and land-mine explosions.
A member of the Stern Gang was killed in an aborted hold-up attempt. These raids signaled an end to a two-week truce during the World Zionist Congress.. Partition of India and Pakistan. Dov Gruner was sentenced to hang by a British military court for taking part in a raid on the Ramat Gan police headquarters in April of Jewish underground staged bombings and machine gun attacks in five cities.
Casualties were low. Pamphlets seized warned that the Irgun had again declared war against the British. British soldiers have been ordered to wear sidearms at all times and were forbidden to enter any cafe or restaurant. Eleven British troops were injured in a hand grenade attack on a train carrying troops to Palestine. The attack took place near Benha, 25 miles from Cairo.. British police arrested 32 persons suspected of being members of the Irgun's "Black Squad" in raids on Rishomel Zion and Rehoboth.
One underground member drove a truck filled with high explosives into the central police station and exploded it, killing two British policemen and two Arab constables and injuring others, and escaped. This action ended a day lull in the violence and the Stern Gang took the credit for it. Yehudi Katz is sentenced to life in prison by a Jerusalem court for robbing a bank in Jaffa in September of to obtain funds for the underground..
Colonial Secretary Arthur Creech Jones informed the House of Commons 73 British subjects were murdered by underground members in and "no culprits have been convicted. Britain's conference on Palestine, boycotted by the Jews, reconvened. Jamal el Husseini, Palestine Arab leader, declared that the Arab world was unalterably opposed to partition as a solution to the problem. The session then adjourned..
It was officially announced that the British Cabinet decided to partition Palestine. Irgun forces released former Maj. Collins, a British banker, who they kidnaped on January 26 from his home. He had been badly beaten. These men had been taken as hostages for Dov Bela Gruner, an Irgun member under death sentence. The British High Commissioner, Lt. Sir Alan Cunningham, had threatened martial law unless the two men were returned unharmed. General Cunningham ordered the wives and children of all British civilians to leave Palestine at once.
About 2, are involved. This order did not apply to the 5, Americans in the country.. The Palestine Govemment issued a 7-day ultimatum to the Jewish Agency demanding that it state "categorically and at once" whether it and the supreme Jewish Council in Palestine will call on the Jewish community by February 10 for "cooperation with the police and armed forces in bringing to justice the members of the terrorist groups.
Goldie Meyerson, head of the Jewish Agency's political department. British Oistrict Commissioner James Pollock disclosed a plan for military occupation of three sectors of Jerusalem and orders nearly 1, Jews to evacuate the Rehavia, Schneler and German quarters by noon, February 6.
British troops removed illegal Jewish immigranS from the schooner "Negev" at Haifa and after a struggle forced them aboard the ferry "Emperor Haywood" for deportation to Cyprus.
The British administration revealed that Lt. Sir Evelyn Barker, retiring British commander in Palestine, had confirmed the death sentences of three Irgun members on February 12 before leaving for England.
A fourth, Haim Gorovetzky, received a life sentence because of his youth. MacMillian arrived in Jerusalem on February 13 to succeed Gen. The Sabbath was the setting for sporadic outbreaks of violence which included the murder of an Arab in Jaffa and of a Jew in B'nai B'rak, the kidnapping of a Jew in Petah Tikvah and the burning of a Jewish club in Haifa. A Jew, suspected of being an informer, was murdered by Jewish underground members.. The British Army pay corps was dynamited in Jerusalem and one soldier killed.
British military units captured most of the Jews whose motor ship "Susanne" ran the British blockade and was beached north of Gaza on this date. A British naval escort brought the "Ben Hecht," the Hebrew Committee of National Liberation's first known immigrant ship, into Haifa, and its passengers were shipped to Cyprus. The British arrested the crew, which included 18 US. Jewish underground members blew up part of an oil pipeline in Haifa and a section of the rail line near Beer Yakou.
British authorities ended marshal law which had kept , Jews under house arrest for 16 days and tied up most economic activity.. A military court sentenced Moshe Barazani to be hanged for possessing a hand grenade. Underground leaflets admitted the murder of Michael Shnell on Mount Carmel as an informer.
British officials announced the arrest of five known underground members, and the discovery near Petah Tikvah of the body of Leon Meshiah, a Jew presumably slain as a suspected informer. The Irgun blew up the Iraq Petroleum Co. A British army officer was killed by Jewish underground membesr when they ambushed a party of horsemen near the Ramle camp. Units of the British Royal Navy, answering an SOS, took the disabled " Moledeth" with 1, illegal Jewish refugees on board under tow some 50 miles outside Palestinian waters.
Jewish underground members dynamited the British-owned Shell-Mex oil tanks in Haifa, starting a fire that destroyed a quarter-mile of the waterfront. The Haganah admitted the bombing.
A court in Jerusalem sentenced Daniel Azulai and Meyer Feinstein, members of the Irgun , to death for the October 30 attack on the Jerusalem railroad station. Jewish undergroud members killed a British constable in revenge for the Cohen death.. Guela Cohen, Stern Gang illegal broadcaster, escaped from a British military hospital.. A British naval unit boarded the refugee ship "Guardian" and seized it along with 2, passengers after a gun battle in which two immigrants were killed and 14 wounded..
Jewish communities were kept under strict curfew for several hours. Soon after the deaths were announced, a time bomb was found in the Colonial Office in London but was defused.. Macmillan confirmed death sentences for two more convicted underground members, Meier Ben Feinstein and Moshe Ben Barazani, but reduced Daniel Azulai's sentence to life imprisonment. Irgun's reprisals for the Gruner execution were an attack on a field dressing station near Nethanaya where one sentry was killed, an attack on an armored car in Tel Aviv where one bystander was killed and harmless shots at British troops in Haifa.
A series of bombings by Jewish underground members in retaliation for the hanging of Gruner injured 12 British soldiers.. Meir Feinstein and Moshe Barazani killed themselves in prison a few hours before they were scheduled to be hanged. They blew themselves up with bombs smuggled to them in hollowed-out oranges.
A troop train arriving from Cairo was bombed outside Rehovoth with five soldiers and three civilians killed and 39 persons injured. He blamed contributions from American Jews to the Jewish Palestinians as aiding the underground groups there and cited the toll since August 1, killed, wounded, Jews convicted, 28 sentenced to death, four executed, 33 slain in battles.
Viscount Samuel urged increased immigration. The Irgun proclaimed its own "military courts" to "try" British troops and policemen who resisted them. A Stern Gang squad drove a stolen post office truck loaded with explosives into the Sarona police compound and detonated it, killing five British policemen. The murder of Deputy Police Superintendent A. Conquest climaxed a week of bloodshed. The walls of Acre prison were blasted open by an Irgun bomb squad and Jewish and Arab prisoners escaped after a gun battle in which 15 Jews and 1 Arab were killed, 32 including six British guards were injured and 23 escapists were recaptured.
The Palestine Govemment promised no extra punishment if the escapees still at large will surrender. The Political Action Committee for Palestine ran a series of advertisements in New York newspapers seeking funds to buy parachutes for young European Jews planning to crash the Palestine irnmigration barrier by air.
A Jew was ambushed and shot to death by an Arab group near Tel Aviv, and three Jewish owned Tel Aviv shops whose owners refused to contribute money to Jewish underground groups were burned down. The British authorities announced that Jewish political prisoners were held in Kenya, East Africa, 20 in Latrun and 34 in Bethlehem.. The Stern Gang killed two British lieutenants and injured seven other persons with two derailments and three badge demolitions..
The 1, ton Haganah freighter "Trade Winds" was seized by the Royal Navy off the Lebanon coast and escorted into Haifa, and over 1, illegal immigrants were disembarked pending transfer to Cyprus. The British government protested to the United States government against American fund-raising drives for Jewish underground groups.
The ad said, "We are out to raise millions for you. Some 40, Arab and Jewish workers united the same day in a one day strike against all establishments operated by the British War Ministry..
A British naval party boarded the immigrant ship "Mordei Haghettoath" off South Palestine and took control of its 1, passengers. Two British soldiers were convicted in Jerusalem of abandoning a jeep and army mail under attack.. Fawzi el-Kawukji who spent the war years in Germany after leading the Arab revolt in Palestine, told reporters in Damascus that an unfavorable decision by the UN inquiry group would be the signal for war against the Jews in Palestine.
Jewish underground members blew up a water main and a shed in the Haifa oil dock areas and made three attacks on railway lines in the Lydda and Haifa areas.. The Haganah ship "Yehuda Halevy" arrived under British naval escort with illegal Jewish immigrants; they were immediately transferred to Cyprus..
The Stern Gang sent letter bombs to high British governmental officials. Eight letter bombs containing powdered explosives were discovered in London. President Truman asked all persons in the US to refrain from helping Jewish underground groups.
New York Secretary General of the UN, Trygve Lie has forwarded a request to all countries a request by the British that they guard their fronties against departure of illegal immigrants bound for Palestine. Haganah disclosed that one of its men was killed by a booby trap which foiled an Irgun plot to blow up British Military Headquartes in Tel Aviv. The Stern Gang opened fire on British soldiers waiting in line outside a Tel Aviv theater, killing three and wounding two.
Another Briton is killed and several wounded in a Haifa hotel. This action was claimed by Jewish underground members to be in retaliation for British brutality and the alleged slaying of a missing 16 year old Jew, Alexander Rubowitz while he was being held in an Army barracks on May 6. New York. The UN Committee votes to condemn the acts as "flagrant disregard" of the UN appeal for an interim truce as Stern Gang wounded four more Bdtish soldiers on a beach at Herzlia.
Major Roy Alexander Farran surrendered voluntarily after his escape from custody in Jerusalem on June He had been arrested in connection with the Rubowitz case. Adem Altman, president of the United Zionist Revisionists, told a party rally in Jerusalem that the Revisionists would settle for nothing less than an unpartitioned free Jewish state in Palestine and Trans-Jordan.
Irgun announced in Jerusalem that two British sergeants kidnaped in Nathanaya are being held in Tel Aviv and have been sentenced to death by Irgun courtmartial.
The British imposed mastial law and placed the 15, inhabitants of Netanya under house arrest. They made 68 arrests and sentenced 21 persons to 6 months each in the Latrun detention camp. The Irgun in five mine operations against military traffic to and from Nathanya killed one Briton and injured Steamer Exodus repelled by forces from shores of Palestine, formerly the "President Warfield" was escorted into Haifa by British naval units after a battle, William Bernstein and two immigrants were killed and more than 30 injured.
Rioting, quickly suppressed, broke out among the passengess of the Exodus when they learned they were to be resumed to France. Before officially admitting that 4, passengers of the Exodus who had been transferred to three British ships, were being sent not to Cyprus but back to France, the Palestine Government took the precaution of first placing Jesusalem's 90, Jews under nightly house arrest.
Haganah sank the British tansport "Empire Lifeguard" in Haifa harbor as it was discharging Jewish immigrants who had officiallyy been admitted to Palestine under quota. Sixty-five immigrants were killed and 40 were wounded.
The British were able to refloat the ship.. Jewish underground members blew up the Iraqi Petroleum Co. This gradually came true. Abraham's son, Isaac had a son, Jacob, also called Israel. In this way the descendants of Abraham came to be known as the Israelites. God promised the Israelites he would care for them as long as they obeyed God's laws. While still traveling, the Hebrews lived in Egypt where they were enslaved.
Moses, a Hebrew, was chosen by God to lead the Hebrew people out of Egypt. Moses led the Hebrew people out of the Sinai Desert toward the promised land. At Mt. Sinai, God gave Moses the Law which would guide the Israelites to today. The laws were called the Ten Commandments and form the basis of the Torah, the book of Jewish law.
It took many years for the Israelites to finally get to what they thought was the Promised Land - Canaan. After some fighting the Jews established the Israelite kingdom.
After many years, Canaan was conquered by the Assyrians, the Babylonians and then eventually the Romans. The Israelites once again found themselves enslaved, this time by Babylonians. The Israelites were then taken over by Romans who destroyed much of what had been built in Jerusalem by the Israelites. Most of the Jews were scattered all over the region and eventually moved from place to place to avoid persecution which continues to this day.
The dispersion of the Jews is called the Diaspora. The worst persecution of the Jews was during World War II by the Nazis who murdered more than six million Jews or a third of the world's Jewish population. This was called the Holocaust. Beginning in the 's Jews began returning to their homeland in growing numbers, this time to avoid persecution where they lived. Experts estimate about , people were ousted and tens of thousands died while trying to reach safety.
The Holocaust: In the Holocaust , the most infamous of modern-day atrocities, the Nazis murdered more than 6 million Jews.
During and after the Holocaust, many Jews returned to their homeland in the Middle East region known as Palestine and embraced Zionism , a movement for the creation of a Jewish state that emerged in 19th-century Europe. In , Israel officially became an independent nation. David Ben-Gurion , one of the leading promoters of a Jewish nation state, was given the title of prime minister.
This event was considered a success for the Jewish people who had tirelessly petitioned for an independent state in their homeland. However, tensions between Jews and Arabs living in Palestine escalated in the years since Israel became a state and are still ongoing today. Orthodox Judaism : Orthodox Jews are typically known for their strict observance of traditional Jewish law and rituals. Orthodox Judaism is a diverse sect that includes several subgroups, including Hasidic Jews. This form started in the 18th century in Eastern Europe and holds different values than traditional or ultra-Orthodox Judaism.
Hasidic Jews emphasize a mystical experience with God that involves direct communion through prayer and worship. Chabad is a well-known Orthodox Jewish, Hasidic movement. Reform Judaism : Reform Judaism is considered a liberal category of the religion that values ethical traditions over strict observance of Jewish laws.
Followers promote progressive ideas and adaptation. Typically, conservative Jews honor the traditions of Judaism while allowing for some modernization. Reconstructionist Judaism : Reconstructionism dates back to when Mordecai Kaplan founded the Society for the Advancement of Judaism. Humanistic Jews celebrate Jewish history and culture without an emphasis on God. Passover : This holiday lasts seven or eight days and celebrates Jewish freedom from slavery in Egypt.
Rosh Hashanah : Jews celebrate the birth of the universe and humanity during this holiday, which is also known as the Jewish New Year. The High Holy Days are considered a time of repentance for Jewish people. Hanukkah commemorates the rededication of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem after the Maccabees defeated the Syrian-Greeks over 2, years ago. Purim : This is a joyous holiday that celebrates a time when the Jewish people in Persia were saved from extermination. Religion: Judaism.
Ancient Jewish Texts. My Jewish Learning. The Jewish Denominations. What is Judaism? Jewish Sacred Texts. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Jewish Population. Judaism But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Since , the word has taken on a new and horrible meaning: the ideological and systematic state-sponsored
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